![]() These are known as "deponent" verbs.ĭeponent middle verbs include verbs such as the following. Quite a number of verbs which are active in the present tense become middle in the future tense, e.g.: Ī number of common verbs ending in -ομαι ( -omai) or -μαι ( -mai) have no active-voice counterpart. Sometimes there can be a reciprocal meaning: αἱρέομαι ( hairéomai) "I take for myself, I choose".Sometimes there is a reflexive meaning or an idea of doing something for one's own benefit: Often the middle endings make a transitive verb intransitive: Middle voice verbs are usually intransitive, but can also be transitive. When the meaning of such a verb is not passive, it is known as a "middle voice" verb. ![]() These can be either passive or non-passive in meaning. Other verbs end in -ομαι ( -omai) or -μαι ( -mai) in the 1st person singular of the present tense. ephúlatton tà teíkhē They were guarding the walls. An active voice verb can be intransitive, transitive or reflexive (but intransitive is most common): The middle and the passive voice are identical in the present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses, but differ in the future and aorist tenses.Īctive voice verbs are those which end in -ω -ō or -μι -mi in the 1st person singular of the present tense. The Ancient Greek verb has three voices: active, middle, and passive. Ancient Greek also preserves the PIE middle voice and adds a passive voice, with separate forms only in the future and aorist (elsewhere, the middle forms are used). The Ancient Greek verbal system preserves nearly all the complexities of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). Unlike the augment of past tenses, this reduplication or augment is retained in all the moods of the perfect tense as well as in the perfect infinitive and participle. To make the perfect tense the first consonant is "reduplicated", that is, repeated with the vowel e ( λέλυκα ( léluka) "I have freed", γέγραφα ( gégrapha) "I have written"), or in some cases an augment is used in lieu of reduplication (e.g. This augment is found only in the indicative, not in the other moods or in the infinitive or participle. To make the past tenses of the indicative mood, the vowel ε- ( e-), called an "augment", is prefixed to the verb stem, e.g. The endings are classified into primary (those used in the present, future, perfect and future perfect of the indicative, as well as in the subjunctive) and secondary (used in the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect of the indicative, as well as in the optative). In addition there are endings for the 2nd and 3rd persons dual ("you two", "they both"), but these are only very rarely used.Ī distinction is traditionally made between the so-called athematic verbs (also called mi-verbs), with endings affixed directly to the root, and the thematic class of verbs which present a "thematic" vowel /o/ or /e/ before the ending. There are three persons in the singular ("I", "you (singular)", "he, she, it"), and three in the plural ("we", "you (plural)", "they"). The different persons of a Greek verb are shown by changing the verb-endings for example λύω ( lúō) "I free", λύεις ( lúeis) "you free", λύει ( lúei) "he or she frees", etc. The distinction of the "tenses" in moods other than the indicative is predominantly one of aspect rather than time. The optative mood, infinitives and participles are found in four tenses (present, aorist, perfect, and future) and all three voices.In the subjunctive and imperative mood, however, there are only three tenses (present, aorist, and perfect).(The last two, especially the future perfect, are rarely used). In the indicative mood there are seven tenses: present, imperfect, future, aorist (the equivalent of past simple), perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect.Ancient Greek verbs have four moods ( indicative, imperative, subjunctive and optative), three voices ( active, middle and passive), as well as three persons (first, second and third) and three numbers (singular, dual and plural).
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